企(qi)(qi)(qi)業是(shi)創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)新(xin)(xin)的主體，不(bu)同類型(xing)(xing)的企(qi)(qi)(qi)業在(zai)創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)新(xin)(xin)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)發(fa)揮(hui)不(bu)同的職能。《中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)共(gong)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)央關于制(zhi)定(ding)國民(min)經濟和(he)(he)社會發(fa)展(zhan)第(di)十四個五年規劃和(he)(he)二〇三五年遠(yuan)景目(mu)標的建議》提(ti)出，發(fa)揮(hui)大(da)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業引領支撐作用，支持創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)新(xin)(xin)型(xing)(xing)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)小(xiao)微企(qi)(qi)(qi)業成長為創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)新(xin)(xin)重要發(fa)源(yuan)地(di)，加(jia)強共(gong)性技術平臺建設(she)，推動產業鏈上中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)下游、大(da)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)小(xiao)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業融(rong)通創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)新(xin)(xin)。這進一步明確了(le)不(bu)同規模企(qi)(qi)(qi)業在(zai)創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)新(xin)(xin)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的定(ding)位，指出了(le)大(da)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)小(xiao)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)新(xin)(xin)發(fa)展(zhan)的方向。
中(zhong)小微企(qi)業(ye)(ye)在促(cu)進(jin)經濟發展(zhan)、保障勞動力就業(ye)(ye)、滿足生(sheng)產生(sheng)活需求等方面發揮著重要作用。第四次全(quan)國經濟普查(cha)結果顯示，2018年末，我國共有中(zhong)小微企(qi)業(ye)(ye)法人(ren)(ren)單位(wei)1807萬家，占(zhan)全(quan)部(bu)(bu)規模企(qi)業(ye)(ye)法人(ren)(ren)單位(wei)的99.8%;吸納就業(ye)(ye)人(ren)(ren)員23300.4萬人(ren)(ren)，占(zhan)全(quan)部(bu)(bu)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)就業(ye)(ye)人(ren)(ren)員的比重為79.4%;擁有資產總計(ji)402.6萬億元，占(zhan)全(quan)部(bu)(bu)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)的77.1%;全(quan)年營業(ye)(ye)收(shou)入達到188.2萬億元，占(zhan)全(quan)部(bu)(bu)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)的68.2%。
中(zhong)小(xiao)(xiao)微(wei)(wei)(wei)企(qi)業(ye)在創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)新(xin)方面獨(du)具(ju)(ju)特(te)(te)色。首(shou)先(xian)，中(zhong)小(xiao)(xiao)微(wei)(wei)(wei)企(qi)業(ye)創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)新(xin)內在動力(li)(li)強。由(you)于缺乏(fa)市(shi)場優勢，中(zhong)小(xiao)(xiao)微(wei)(wei)(wei)企(qi)業(ye)往往面臨的(de)競(jing)爭(zheng)壓力(li)(li)更(geng)加突出，在短期經(jing)濟條件下，大(da)量(liang)的(de)需(xu)求(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)緩解了競(jing)爭(zheng)壓力(li)(li)，而(er)(er)隨著(zhu)產品供給的(de)過剩，中(zhong)小(xiao)(xiao)微(wei)(wei)(wei)企(qi)業(ye)通常(chang)處于充分競(jing)爭(zheng)或過度競(jing)爭(zheng)的(de)市(shi)場環境之中(zhong)，更(geng)趨(qu)向于尋求(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)新(xin)的(de)變化(hua)和新(xin)的(de)機會。其次，中(zhong)小(xiao)(xiao)微(wei)(wei)(wei)企(qi)業(ye)對(dui)市(shi)場需(xu)求(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)更(geng)為敏感。一般而(er)(er)言，中(zhong)小(xiao)(xiao)微(wei)(wei)(wei)企(qi)業(ye)直接服務市(shi)場需(xu)求(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)，能(neng)夠更(geng)加準確把握需(xu)求(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)的(de)特(te)(te)點和變化(hua)，不僅(jin)能(neng)較快地發(fa)現創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)新(xin)機會，而(er)(er)且對(dui)于科技成果的(de)現實(shi)應用有更(geng)加深刻的(de)認(ren)識。從技術演進(jin)的(de)歷程來看，許多重(zhong)要的(de)創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)新(xin)最(zui)初均來自中(zhong)小(xiao)(xiao)微(wei)(wei)(wei)企(qi)業(ye)，中(zhong)小(xiao)(xiao)微(wei)(wei)(wei)企(qi)業(ye)最(zui)先(xian)捕捉到創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)新(xin)的(de)機遇。此外，中(zhong)小(xiao)(xiao)微(wei)(wei)(wei)企(qi)業(ye)創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)新(xin)具(ju)(ju)有多樣性特(te)(te)征。多樣性是創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)新(xin)的(de)重(zhong)要源泉(quan)，也是良好創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)新(xin)生(sheng)態(tai)的(de)基本特(te)(te)征，中(zhong)小(xiao)(xiao)微(wei)(wei)(wei)企(qi)業(ye)在滿足人們(men)多樣化(hua)需(xu)求(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)的(de)同時(shi)，更(geng)易激發(fa)創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)新(xin)活力(li)(li)。
隨著創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)業(ye)(ye)(ye)創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)新(xin)(xin)(xin)不斷(duan)推(tui)進(jin)，涌現出一批創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)新(xin)(xin)(xin)型(xing)(xing)中(zhong)小(xiao)(xiao)微(wei)(wei)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)。根據第四次全(quan)國(guo)經(jing)濟普查，2018年(nian)末，科(ke)學研(yan)究(jiu)和技(ji)術(shu)服(fu)務領域(yu)中(zhong)小(xiao)(xiao)微(wei)(wei)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)達(da)到(dao)114.1萬(wan)(wan)(wan)家(jia)，比(bi)2013年(nian)末增加81.5萬(wan)(wan)(wan)家(jia)，累計增長(chang)2.5倍(bei);信息傳輸(shu)、軟(ruan)件(jian)和信息技(ji)術(shu)服(fu)務領域(yu)中(zhong)小(xiao)(xiao)微(wei)(wei)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)91萬(wan)(wan)(wan)家(jia)，比(bi)2013年(nian)末增加69.3萬(wan)(wan)(wan)家(jia)，增長(chang)3.19倍(bei)。創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)新(xin)(xin)(xin)型(xing)(xing)中(zhong)小(xiao)(xiao)微(wei)(wei)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)的發(fa)(fa)展對于釋放全(quan)社(she)會(hui)創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)新(xin)(xin)(xin)潛力，促進(jin)新(xin)(xin)(xin)舊動能(neng)轉換發(fa)(fa)揮(hui)了積極作(zuo)用(yong)。中(zhong)國(guo)創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)業(ye)(ye)(ye)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)成(cheng)長(chang)指數調查先后(hou)分三期(qi)對創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)業(ye)(ye)(ye)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)進(jin)行了調查，樣(yang)本以高新(xin)(xin)(xin)技(ji)術(shu)和戰略(lve)性新(xin)(xin)(xin)興產業(ye)(ye)(ye)領域(yu)的中(zhong)小(xiao)(xiao)微(wei)(wei)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)為主體，區域(yu)分布涵(han)蓋了東中(zhong)西部地區代(dai)表(biao)性創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)新(xin)(xin)(xin)城市，基本代(dai)表(biao)了創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)新(xin)(xin)(xin)型(xing)(xing)中(zhong)小(xiao)(xiao)微(wei)(wei)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)發(fa)(fa)展狀(zhuang)況。2019年(nian)開展的調查顯示，無論是專利、技(ji)術(shu)等創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)新(xin)(xin)(xin)直接產出，還(huan)(huan)(huan)是科(ke)技(ji)成(cheng)果應用(yong)轉化，創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)新(xin)(xin)(xin)型(xing)(xing)中(zhong)小(xiao)(xiao)微(wei)(wei)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)與(yu)“創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)新(xin)(xin)(xin)重要發(fa)(fa)源地”的目標還(huan)(huan)(huan)存在(zai)(zai)較大(da)差距。這一方(fang)面與(yu)創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)新(xin)(xin)(xin)周(zhou)期(qi)有(you)關，另一方(fang)面也在(zai)(zai)一定(ding)程度上反映了企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)新(xin)(xin)(xin)能(neng)力還(huan)(huan)(huan)需要進(jin)一步(bu)提升。
中小(xiao)(xiao)微企(qi)(qi)業(ye)創(chuang)(chuang)新(xin)(xin)能(neng)(neng)力(li)不足主要受(shou)部分客(ke)觀(guan)條(tiao)件限制(zhi)(zhi)。由(you)于企(qi)(qi)業(ye)規(gui)模較小(xiao)(xiao)，盈利能(neng)(neng)力(li)整(zheng)體較弱，中小(xiao)(xiao)微企(qi)(qi)業(ye)大(da)都(dou)缺少創(chuang)(chuang)新(xin)(xin)資源，創(chuang)(chuang)新(xin)(xin)經費投(tou)入不足，高端人(ren)才普遍(bian)短缺。調(diao)查(cha)顯(xian)示，資金和人(ren)才是制(zhi)(zhi)約企(qi)(qi)業(ye)創(chuang)(chuang)新(xin)(xin)的最主要因素。創(chuang)(chuang)新(xin)(xin)具有(you)一定(ding)的風險性(xing)，抗風險能(neng)(neng)力(li)弱也是影響中小(xiao)(xiao)微企(qi)(qi)業(ye)創(chuang)(chuang)新(xin)(xin)的重要因素。
鼓(gu)勵中(zhong)(zhong)小微(wei)(wei)企(qi)業(ye)創(chuang)(chuang)新(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)發(fa)(fa)展是我國創(chuang)(chuang)新(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)政(zheng)(zheng)策的(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)(zhong)要著(zhu)力點(dian)。近年來(lai)，我國出臺了一系(xi)列(lie)政(zheng)(zheng)策，從(cong)創(chuang)(chuang)業(ye)孵化、財稅政(zheng)(zheng)策、金融政(zheng)(zheng)策、創(chuang)(chuang)新(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)服(fu)務、資源聚(ju)集、國際合作(zuo)等多(duo)個方面給予中(zhong)(zhong)小微(wei)(wei)企(qi)業(ye)創(chuang)(chuang)新(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)發(fa)(fa)展相應的(de)(de)(de)支持，中(zhong)(zhong)小微(wei)(wei)企(qi)業(ye)創(chuang)(chuang)新(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)環(huan)境(jing)(jing)得到明(ming)顯改善。中(zhong)(zhong)小微(wei)(wei)企(qi)業(ye)創(chuang)(chuang)新(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)發(fa)(fa)展是一項(xiang)系(xi)統工程，企(qi)業(ye)決(jue)(jue)策者(zhe)和管(guan)理(li)者(zhe)在其中(zhong)(zhong)發(fa)(fa)揮了決(jue)(jue)定性作(zuo)用(yong)，在加強創(chuang)(chuang)新(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)政(zheng)(zheng)策支持的(de)(de)(de)同時(shi)，營造(zao)良(liang)好的(de)(de)(de)社會創(chuang)(chuang)新(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)氛圍，著(zhu)力培育具有創(chuang)(chuang)新(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)精神、市場意識(shi)、專業(ye)知識(shi)的(de)(de)(de)創(chuang)(chuang)業(ye)者(zhe)和企(qi)業(ye)家隊伍(wu)，對于推動中(zhong)(zhong)小微(wei)(wei)企(qi)業(ye)創(chuang)(chuang)新(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)發(fa)(fa)展具有重(zhong)(zhong)要意義。此外，公平(ping)競(jing)爭(zheng)的(de)(de)(de)市場環(huan)境(jing)(jing)也是中(zhong)(zhong)小微(wei)(wei)企(qi)業(ye)創(chuang)(chuang)新(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)發(fa)(fa)展的(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)(zhong)要條件(jian)。